VDC vs BIM: What’s the Difference?

Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) are terms often used interchangeably in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. While they share similarities, VDC represents a broader framework, extending beyond design into construction planning and facility operations.

This article breaks down their differences and demonstrates how they work together to transform project delivery.

Understanding VDC and BIM

What is BIM?

Building Information Modeling (BIM) refers to the digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a building. It is heavily used in the design phase, enabling:

Clash detection
Visualization and simulation
Collaborative feedback across disciplines

The BIM process allows teams to "build twice"—once virtually, and then physically—resulting in fewer errors and more predictable outcomes.

What is VDC?

Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) uses BIM as a foundation but spans a wider project lifecycle, incorporating:

Construction scheduling (4D BIM)
Budgeting and cost control (5D BIM)
Facility and asset management (6D BIM)

In essence, VDC is about using BIM models for strategic coordination and decision-making during design, construction, and operations.

BIM as the Foundation for VDC

3D BIM models are generated using design authoring software, such as:

Autodesk Revit
Graphisoft ArchiCAD
Bentley OpenBuildings
Tekla Structures (optimized for fabrication)
OpenPlant (for industrial plants)
Civil 3D (for civil engineering projects)

These software tools support the creation of detailed digital models that serve as the foundation for downstream VDC workflows.

4D BIM – Time Management and Scheduling

Integrating time into the 3D model results in a 4D BIM model, which helps:

Visualize project timelines
Detect schedule-related clashes
Coordinate onsite activities

Tools such as Synchro 4D, Navisworks, and BEXEL link project schedules from software like Oracle Primavera P6 or Microsoft Project with BIM models.

This is especially helpful for large teams managing complex projects, providing a unified view of ongoing and upcoming tasks.

5D BIM – Cost Estimation and Budgeting

5D BIM introduces cost data into the model to enable:

Quantity takeoffs
Subcontractor payment tracking
Earned Value Management (EVM)

This dynamic linkage between design and cost ensures that decisions made during design and construction are financially informed.

6D BIM – Lifecycle and Asset Management

6D BIM incorporates operational data like:

Maintenance schedules
Energy performance
Sustainability benchmarks

With sensors and Building Management Systems (BMS), these models become part of an infrastructure digital twin, enabling long-term asset management and performance analytics.

VDC Case Studies

Jewel Changi Airport

Jewel Changi used BIM extensively for:

Coordinating the construction of the complex glass and steel roof
Simulating crane movement near the air traffic control tower
Maintaining airport operations during construction

Changi Airport Terminal 4 (T4)

Terminal 4 leveraged BIM for:

Compact terminal design accommodating 16M passengers
Coordinated design and prefabrication of its “green wall” feature
Accelerated project delivery within a 3-year schedule

🧠 Conclusion

BIM and VDC are not mutually exclusive—they are complementary.

BIM provides the rich digital model
VDC orchestrates the project using that model

As digital delivery continues to evolve, expect VDC to play a larger role in construction and operations, particularly in projects that embrace data-rich models from early design.

By understanding and implementing both, project teams can unlock new efficiencies, reduce risk, and maximize return on investment.

📚 References

Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., & Liston, K. (2011). BIM Handbook. Wiley.
Kensek, K. (2014). Building Information Modeling. Routledge.
Succar, B. (2009). Building information modelling framework. Automation in Construction.